Tire for heavy-goods vehicle

ABSTRACT

A tire comprising at least two working layers and at least one layer of reinforcing elements. The layer of circumferential reinforcing elements comprises at least a central part and two axially exterior parts, the extent to which the circumferential reinforcing elements of the central part are penetrated by the rubber compound with which they are coated being less than the extent to which the circumferential reinforcing elements of the axially exterior parts are penetrated by the rubber compound with which they are coated.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a U.S. national stage under 35 USC §371 of application No.PCT/EP2008/055849, filed on May 13, 2008.

This application claims the priority of French application Ser. No.07/03507 filed May 14, 2007, the entire content of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a tire with a radial carcassreinforcement, and more particularly to a tire intended to be fitted tovehicles that carry heavy loads and drive at sustained speeds, such as,for example, lorries, tractors, trailers, or road buses.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The reinforcing structure or reinforcement of tires, particularly oftires for vehicles of the heavy vehicle type, is currently—andusually—made up of a stack of one or more plies conventionally known as“carcass plies”, “crown plies”, etc. This way of naming thereinforcements stems from the method of manufacture, which involvescreating a series of semi-finished products in the form of plies,provided with thread-like reinforcements, often longitudinal, which arethen assembled or stacked in order to build a green tire. The plies areproduced flat, with substantial dimensions, and are then cut to thedimensions of a given product. The plies are also initially assembledsubstantially flat. The green tire thus produced is then shaped to adoptthe toroidal profile typical of tires. The semi-finished “finishing”products are then applied to the green tire in order to obtain a productready to be cured.

A “conventional” type of method such as this involves, particularlyduring the phase of manufacturing the green tire, the use of ananchoring element (generally a bead wire) which is used to anchor orretain the carcass reinforcement in the bead region of the tire. Thus,for this type of method, a portion of all the plies that make up thecarcass reinforcement (or just some of them) is folded back around abead wire positioned in the bead of the tire. That then anchors thecarcass reinforcement in the bead.

The widespread use across industry of this conventional type of method,in spite of there being numerous variations in how the plies are createdand assembled, has led those skilled in the art to adopt a vocabularybased on the method; hence the terminology generally used, involving inparticular the terms “plies”, “carcass”, “bead wire”, “shaping” todenote the transition from a flat profile to a toroidal profile, etc.

Nowadays there are tires which do not strictly speaking have “plies” or“bead wires” as understood from the above definitions. For example,document EP 0 582 196 describes tires manufactured without the aid ofsemi-finished products in the form of plies. For example, thereinforcing elements of the various reinforcing structures are applieddirectly to the adjacent layers of rubber compounds, everything beingapplied in successive layers to a toroidal core, the shape of whichdirectly yields a profile similar to the final profile of the tire thatis in the process of being manufactured. Thus, in this case, there areno longer any “semi-finished” products or “plies”, or “bead wires”. Thebasic products such as the rubber compounds and the reinforcing elementsin the form of threads or filaments are applied directly to the core. Asthis core is of a toroidal shape, there is no longer any need to formthe green tire in order to change from a flat profile to a profile inthe form of a torus.

Furthermore, the tires described in that document do not use the“traditional” turning back of the carcass ply around a bead wire. Thattype of anchorage is replaced by an arrangement in which circumferentialthreads are positioned adjacent to the said sidewall reinforcingstructure, everything being embedded in an anchoring or bonding rubbercompound.

There are also methods of assembly on a toroidal core that employsemi-finished products specially designed for rapid, effective andsimple laying onto a central core. Finally, it is also possible to use ahybrid comprising both certain semi-finished products for achievingcertain architectural aspects (such as plies, bead wires etc.), whileothers are created by applying compounds and/or reinforcing elementsdirectly.

In this document, in order to take account of recent technologicaladvances both in the field of manufacture and in the design of theproducts, the conventional terms such as “plies”, “bead wires”, etc.,are advantageously replaced by terms which are neutral or independent ofthe type of method used. Hence, the term “carcass type reinforcement” or“sidewall reinforcement” can validly be used to denote the reinforcingelements of a carcass ply in the conventional method, and thecorresponding reinforcing elements, generally applied to the sidewalls,of a tire produced according to a method that does not involvesemi-finished products. The term “anchoring zone” for its part, can justas easily denote the “traditional” turning back of the carcass plyaround a bead wire in a conventional method as it can the assemblyformed by the circumferential reinforcing elements, the rubber compoundand the adjacent sidewall reinforcing portions of a bottom regioncreated using a method which involves applying elements to a toroidalcore.

In general, in tires of the heavy vehicle tire type, the carcassreinforcement is anchored on each side in the region of the bead and issurmounted radially by a crown reinforcement, constituted by at leasttwo layers that are superposed and formed of threads or cords which areparallel within each layer and crossed from one layer to the next makingwith the circumferential direction angles comprised between 10° and 45°.The said working layers, that form the working reinforcement, may alsobe covered by at least one so-called protective layer formed ofreinforcing elements, which are advantageously metal and extensible,known as elastic reinforcing elements. It may also comprise a layer ofmetal cords or threads with low extensibility, that make an anglecomprised between 45° and 90° with the circumferential direction, thisply, known as a bracing ply, being situated radially between the carcassreinforcement and the first so-called working crown ply, formed ofparallel cords or threads at angles of at most 45° in terms of absolutevalue. The bracing ply forms, with at least the said working ply, atriangulated reinforcement which, under the various stresses that itexperiences, undergoes very little deformation, the essential role ofthe bracing ply being to react transverse compressive forces to whichall of the reinforcing elements are subjected in the region of the crownof the tire.

In the case of heavy vehicle tires, a single protective layer is usuallypresent and its protective elements are, mostly, oriented in the samedirection and at the same angle in terms of absolute value as those ofthe reinforcing elements of the radially outermost and thereforeradially adjacent working layer. In the case of engineering worksvehicle tires intended to run on somewhat uneven ground, the presence oftwo protective layers is advantageous, the reinforcing elements beingcrossed from one layer to the next and the reinforcing elements of theradially interior protective layer being crossed with the inextensiblereinforcing elements of the working layer that is radially exterior andadjacent to the said radially interior protective layer.

Cords are said to be inextensible when the said cords have, under atensile force equal to 10% of the breaking strength, a relativeelongation of 0.2% at most.

Cords are said to be elastic when the said cords have, under a tensileforce equal to the breaking strength, a relative elongation at leastequal to 3% with a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa.

Circumferential reinforcing elements are reinforcing elements whichmake, with the circumferential direction, angles comprised in the range+2.5°, −2.5° about 0°.

The circumferential direction of the tire, or longitudinal direction, isthe direction corresponding to the periphery of the tire and defined bythe direction in which the tire runs.

The transverse or axial direction of the tire is parallel to the axis ofrotation of the tire.

The radial direction is a direction that intersects the axis of rotationof the tire and is perpendicular thereto.

The axis of rotation of the tire is the axis about which it revolvesunder normal use.

A radial or meridian plane is a plane containing the axis of rotation ofthe tire.

The circumferential median plane or equatorial plane is a planeperpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire and which divides thetire into two halves.

What is meant by the “elastic modulus” of a rubber compound is a secanttensile modulus at 10% deformation and ambient temperature.

As far as the rubber compounds are concerned, modulus measurements arecarried out under tension in accordance with AFNOR-NFT-46002, September1988: the nominal secant modulus (or apparent stress, in MPa) ismeasured in second elongation (i.e. after an accommodating cycle) at 10%elongation (standard temperature and hygrometry conditions in accordancewith AFNOR-NFT-40101, December 1979).

As far as the metal threads or cords are concerned, the measurements ofload at break (maximum load in N), strength at break (in MPa) andelongation at break (total elongation in %) are performed under tensionin accordance with ISO 6892, 1984.

Some present-day tires, known as “road” tires, are intended to run athigh speed and over increasingly long distances, because of theimprovements to the road network and the expansion of the motorwaynetwork worldwide. Although all of the conditions under which a tire iscalled upon to run undoubtedly allows an increase in the number ofkilometers covered, because tire wear is lower, this is at the expenseof tire durability, particularly of crown reinforcement durability.

The issue is that there are stresses in the crown reinforcement and moreparticularly shear stresses between the crown layers, combined with anot insignificant increase in operating temperature at the ends of theaxially shortest crown layer, which result in the appearance andpropagation of cracks in the rubber at the said ends. The same problemexists in the case of edges of two layers of reinforcing elements, thesaid other layer not necessarily being radially adjacent to the first.

To improve the endurance of the crown reinforcement of the type of tirebeing studied, solutions relating to the structure and quality of thelayers and/or profiles of rubber compounds which are positioned betweenand/or around the ends of plies and, more particularly, the ends of theaxially shortest ply, have already been applied.

Patent FR 1 389 428, in order to increase the resistance to damage ofthe rubber compound situated near the edges of the crown reinforcement,recommends the use, in combination with a low-hysteresis tread, of arubber profile covering at least the sides and the marginal edges of thecrown reinforcement and consisting of a low-hysteresis rubber compound.

Patent FR 2 222 232, in order to avoid separation between crownreinforcement plies, teaches the coating of the ends of thereinforcement in a rubber mat, the Shore A hardness of which differsfrom that of the tread surmounting the said reinforcement, and is higherthan the Shore A hardness of the profile of rubber compound positionedbetween the edges of crown reinforcing plies and carcass reinforcement.

French application FR 2 728 510 proposes positioning, on the one hand,between the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement workingply radially closest to the axis of rotation, an axially continuous plyformed of inextensible metal cords that make an angle of at least 60°with the circumferential direction and the axial width of which is atleast equal to the axial width of the shortest working crown ply and, onthe other hand, between the two working crown plies, an additional plyformed of metal elements directed substantially parallel to thecircumferential direction.

Prolonged running of the tires thus constructed under particularly harshconditions has revealed limits in terms of the endurance of these tires.

To remedy such disadvantages and improve the endurance of the crownreinforcement of these tires, it has been proposed that there beassociated with the angle working crown layers at least one additionallayer of reinforcing elements substantially parallel to thecircumferential direction. French application WO 99/24269 proposes,notably, on each side of the equatorial plane and in the immediate axialcontinuation of the additional ply of reinforcing elements substantiallyparallel to the circumferential direction, that the two working crownplies formed of reinforcing elements that are crossed from one ply tothe next be coupled over a certain axial distance and then decoupled byprofiles of rubber compound at least over the remainder of the widthcommon to the said two working plies.

The layer of circumferential reinforcing elements usually consists of atleast one metal cord wound to form a spiral laid at an angle of lessthan 8° with respect to the circumferential direction. The cordsinitially manufactured are coated with a rubber compound before beinglaid. This rubber compound then penetrates the cord under the effect ofthe pressure and the temperature when the tire is cured. The coating ofthe cords with the rubber compound may be performed in an intermediatephase between manufacturing the cord and laying it to be stored in theform of a reel. An alternative form of manufacture is to coat the cordswith the rubber compound at the same time as or, more precisely, justbefore, the said cords are laid.

The results obtained in terms of endurance and wear during prolongedrunning on high-speed routes are satisfactory. Nonetheless, it hasemerged that the same vehicle sometimes have to drive along roads ortracks that are not paved with asphalt, for example in order to reach awork site or get to an unloading zone. Running in these zones is done atlow speed but the tires, particularly their treads, are subject toattack, for example because of the presence of stones which areextremely detrimental to performance in terms of tire wear.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide tires for “heavy vehicles”,the endurance and wear performance of which is maintained for road useand the wear performance of which is improved for use on ground that isnot paved with asphalt.

This object is achieved, according to an aspect of the invention, by atire with a radial carcass reinforcement comprising a crownreinforcement formed of at least two working crown layers ofinextensible reinforcing elements, crossed from one layer to the othermaking angles of between 10° and 45° with the circumferential direction,itself radially capped by a tread, the tread being connected to twobeads via two sidewalls, the crown reinforcement comprising at least onelayer of circumferential reinforcing elements, the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements comprising at least a central partand two axially exterior parts, and the extent to which thecircumferential reinforcing elements of the central part are penetratedby the rubber compound with which they are coated being less than theextent to which the circumferential reinforcing elements of the axiallyexterior parts are penetrated by the rubber compound with which they arecoated.

The degree of penetration of the reinforcing elements with a rubbercompound according to an embodiment of the invention means the degree ofpenetration of a rubber compound in the free zones of a cord, that is tosay those zones that contain no material; it is expressed as apercentage of the said free zones occupied by a rubber compound aftercuring and is determined by an air-permeability test.

This air-permeability test makes it possible to measure a relativeair-permeability index. It is a simple means of indirectly measuring thedegree of penetration of the cord with a rubber compound. It isperformed on cords extracted directly, by excision, from the plies ofvulcanized rubber that they reinforce, and which have therefore beenpenetrated with the cured rubber compound.

The test is performed on a determined length of cord (for example 2 cm)as follows: air is sent to the start of the cord, at a given pressure(for example 1 bar), and the amount of air at the end is measured usinga flow meter; during measuring, the specimen of cord is immobilized in asealed gasket so that only the amount of air that passes through thecord from one end to the other along its longitudinal axis is taken intoconsideration in the measurement. The higher the degree of penetrationof the cord by the rubber compound, the lower the measured flow rate.

According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the extent towhich the circumferential reinforcing elements of the central part arepenetrated by the rubber compound with which they are coated is at least30% less than the extent to which the circumferential reinforcingelements of the axially exterior parts are penetrated by the rubbercompound with which they are coated.

For preference, the extent to which the circumferential reinforcingelements of the axially exterior parts are penetrated by the rubbercompound with which they are coated is greater than 90%.

Again for preference, the extent to which the circumferentialreinforcing elements of the central part are penetrated by the rubbercompound with which they are coated is less than 60%.

To create such a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements it ispossible to use different cords initially coated or alternatively cordscoated as they are laid. In the latter alternative form of embodiment,it may be a single cord the coating rubber compound of which is variedor alternatively may be a complete change of the cord-laying deviceleading to the laying of different cords containing different coatingrubber compounds.

In order to obtain different penetrations of the rubber compound in thedifferent parts of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements,the inventors are, for example, proposing to limit the penetration of agiven rubber compound by causing the rubber compound to vulcanize or atleast to begin to vulcanize before the reinforcing element is laid. Thisvulcanizing or start of vulcanizing may be obtained by rapidly raisingthe temperature of the rubber compound for a short space of time. Thisstep of raising the temperature is, for example, performed immediatelyafter the cord has been coated with the rubber compound. When a coatedcord has undergone such a treatment, the penetration of the rubbercompound within the cord when the tire is cured is greatly limited ifnot nonexistent.

The tire thus defined according to an embodiment of the inventionmaintains satisfactory properties when running at high speeds on roadsand also has performance in terms of resistance to wear and morespecifically in terms of resistance to attack that is markedly improvedover known tires.

The inventors have in fact been able to demonstrate that the attacksthat occur on land that is not paved with asphalt essentially affect thecentral part of the tread of the tire, the latter seemingly always beingthe most exposed.

The tire as defined according to an embodiment of the invention leads toa softening in the radial direction of the axially central part of thetire because in particular the low rigidity of the circumferentialreinforcing elements of this central zone of the tire which isassociated with the penetration of the rubber compounds with which thecircumferential reinforcing elements are coated in the various axialparts. This softening leads, in view of the results obtained, to thetread absorbing the attacks from obstacles such as stones present on theground over which the vehicle is driving.

The rigidity of the reinforcing elements in the central part remainssufficient to provide the tire with sufficient belting in this centralpart such that the tire is able to withstand the stresses appliedparticularly during inflation or when running at high speed, and tolimit the circumferential expansion of the crown reinforcement.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the elasticmodulus of the rubber compound with which the circumferentialreinforcing elements of the central part are coated is less than themodulus of the rubber compound with which the circumferentialreinforcing elements of the axially exterior parts are coated.

This alternative form of embodiment of the invention combines elasticmoduli of the rubber compounds with which the circumferentialreinforcing elements are coated with different penetrations of therubber compounds with which the circumferential reinforcing elements arecoated in the various axial parts. The lower modulus of the rubbercompound coating the circumferential reinforcing elements in the centralpart associated with lower penetration of the said rubber compoundfurther accentuates the lower rigidity of the circumferentialreinforcing elements of the central part by comparison with that of thecircumferential reinforcing elements of the axially exterior parts.

According to an advantageous alternative form of embodiment of theinvention, the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements has anaxial width greater than 0.5×S.

S is the maximum axial width of the tire when the latter is mounted onits service rim and inflated to its recommended pressure.

The axial widths of the layers of reinforcing elements are measured on across section of a tire, the tire therefore being in an uninflatedstate.

According to a preferred alternative form of embodiment of theinvention, the axial width of the central part of the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements is greater than 0.15×S and lessthan 0.5×S.

Advantageously again according to the invention, the axial width of eachof the axially exterior parts of the layer of circumferentialreinforcing elements is less than 0.45×S.

An embodiment of the invention advantageously has it that at least onelayer that makes up the crown architecture is present radially under theaxially outermost “rib” or chiefly longitudinally directed pattern. Thisembodiment, as previously mentioned, improves the rigidity of the saidpattern. Advantageously also, the layer of circumferential reinforcingelements is present radially under the axially outermost “rib” orchiefly longitudinally directed pattern.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least twoworking crown layers have different axial widths, the difference betweenthe axial width of the axially widest working crown layer and the axialwidth of the axially least wide working crown layer being comprisedbetween 10 and 30 mm.

Preferably too, the axially widest working crown layer is radially onthe interior of the other working crown layers.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements is positioned radially between twoworking crown layers.

Advantageously too according to an embodiment of the invention, theaxial widths of the working crown layers radially adjacent to the layerof circumferential reinforcing elements are greater than the axial widthof the said layer of circumferential reinforcing elements and, forpreference, the said working crown layers adjacent to the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements are on each side of the equatorialplane and in the immediate axial continuation of the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements coupled over an axial width inorder thereafter to be decoupled by profiles of rubber compound at leastover the remainder of the width common to the said two working layers.

Within the meaning of an embodiment of the invention, coupled layers arelayers the respective reinforcing elements of which are radiallyseparated by 1.5 mm at most, the said thickness of rubber being measuredradially between the respectively upper and lower generatrices of thesaid reinforcing elements.

The presence of such couplings between the working crown layers adjacentto the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements allows a reductionin the tensile stresses acting on the axially outermost circumferentialelements situated closest to the coupling.

The thickness of the inter-working ply decoupling profiles, measured inline with the ends of the least wide working ply, will be equal to atleast two millimeters and preferably greater than 2.5 mm.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, thereinforcing elements of at least one layer of circumferentialreinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements with a secantmodulus at 0.7% elongation comprised between 10 and 120 GPa and amaximum tangent modulus of less than 150 GPa.

According to a preferred embodiment, the secant modulus of thereinforcing elements at 0.7% elongation is less than 100 GPa, andgreater than 20 GPa, preferably comprised between 30 and 90 GPa and morepreferably still less than 80 GPa.

Again as a preference, the maximum tangent modulus of the reinforcingelements is less than 130 GPa and preferably less than 120 GPa.

The moduli expressed hereinabove are measured on a curve of tensilestress as a function of elongation determined with a preload of 20 MPabrought down to the cross section of metal of the reinforcing element,the tensile stress corresponding to a measured tension brought down tothe cross section of metal of the reinforcing element.

The moduli of the same reinforcing elements can be measured on a curveof tensile stress as a function of elongation determined with a preloadof 10 MPa brought down to the overall cross section of the reinforcingelement, the tensile stress corresponding to a measured tension broughtdown to the overall cross section of the reinforcing element. Theoverall cross section of the reinforcing element is the cross section ofa composite element made of metal and of rubber, the latter notablyhaving penetrated the reinforcing element during the tire curing phase.

According to this formulation, relating to the overall cross section ofthe reinforcing element, the reinforcing elements of the axiallyexterior parts and of the central part of at least one layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements are metal reinforcing elements witha secant modulus at 0.7% elongation comprised between 5 hand 60 GPa witha maximum tangent modulus of less than 75 GPa.

According to a preferred embodiment, the secant modulus of thereinforcing elements at 0.7% elongation is less than 50 GPa and greaterthan 10 GPa, preferably comprised between 15 and 45 GPa and morepreferably still, less than 40 GPa.

Preferably also, the maximum tangent modulus of the reinforcing elementsis less than 65 GPa and more preferably still, less than 60 GPa.

According to a preferred embodiment, the reinforcing elements of atleast one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metalreinforcing elements having a curve of tensile stress as a function ofrelative elongation with shallow gradients for short elongations and asubstantially constant and steep gradient for higher elongations. Suchreinforcing elements of the additional ply are usually known as“bi-modulus” elements.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the substantiallyconstant and steep gradient appears from above a relative elongationcomprised between 0.1% and 0.5%.

The various abovementioned characteristics of the reinforcing elementsare measured on reinforcing elements taken from tires.

Reinforcing elements more particularly suited to creating at least onelayer of circumferential reinforcing elements according to the inventionare, for example, assemblies of the formula 21.23, the construction ofwhich is 3×(0.26+6×0.23)4.4/6.6 SS; this stranded cord being made up of21 elementary threads of formula 3×(1+6), with 3 twisted-togetherstrands each made up of 7 threads, one thread forming a central core ofa diameter equal to 26/100 mm, and 6 wound threads of diameter equal to23/100 mm. A cord such as this has a secant modulus at 0.7% equal to 45GPa and a maximum tangent modulus equal to 98 GPa, measured on a curveof tensile stress as a function of elongation determined with a preloadof 20 MPa brought down to the cross section of metal of the reinforcingelement, the tensile stress corresponding to a measured tension broughtdown to the cross section of metal of the reinforcing element. On acurve of tensile stress as a function of elongation determined with apreload of 10 MPa brought down to the overall cross section of thereinforcing element, the tensile stress corresponding to a measuredtension brought down to the overall cross section of the reinforcingelement, this cord of formula 21.23 has a secant modulus at 0.7% equalto 23 GPa and a maximum tangent modulus equal to 49 GPa.

Likewise, another example of reinforcing elements is an assembly offormula 21.28, the construction of which is 3×(0.32+6×0.28) 6.2/9.3 SS.This cord has a secant modulus at 0.7% equal to 56 GPa and a maximumtangent modulus equal to 102 GPa, both measured on a curve of tensilestress as a function of elongation determined with a preload of 20 MPabrought down to the cross section of metal of the reinforcing element,the tensile stress corresponding to a measured tension brought down tothe cross section of metal of the reinforcing element. On a curve oftensile stress as a function of elongation determined with a preload of10 MPa brought down to the total cross section of the reinforcingelement, the tensile stress corresponding to a measured tension broughtdown to the overall cross section of the reinforcing element, this cordof formula 21.28 has a secant modulus of 0.7% equal to 27 GPa and amaximum tangent modulus equal to 49 GPa.

The use of such reinforcing elements in at least one layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements makes it possible in particular tomaintain satisfactory layer rigidities even after the shaping and curingsteps in conventional manufacturing methods.

According to a second embodiment of the invention, the circumferentialreinforcing elements may be formed of inextensible metal elements cut insuch a way as to form portions of a length very much shorter than thecircumference of the least long layer, but preferably greater than 0.1times the said circumference, the cuts between portions being axiallyoffset from one another. Preferably also, the elastic modulus in tensionper unit width of the additional layer is less than the elastic modulusin tension, measured under the same conditions, of the most extensibleworking crown layer. An embodiment such as this makes it possible, in asimple way, to give the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements amodulus that can easily be adjusted (through the choice of spacingbetween portions of one and the same row), but which is in all caseslower than the modulus of the layer made up of the same metal elementsbut continuous ones, the modulus of the additional layer being measuredon a vulcanized layer of cut elements taken from the tire.

According to a third embodiment of the invention, the circumferentialreinforcing elements are wavy metal reinforcing elements, the ratio a/λof the amplitude of the wave to the wavelength being at most equal to0.09. For preference, the elastic modulus in tension per unit width ofthe additional layer is less than the elastic modulus in tension,measured under the same conditions, of the most extensible working crownlayer.

The metal elements are preferably steel cords.

In order to reduce the tensile stresses acting on the axially outermostcircumferential elements, an embodiment of the invention advantageouslyhas it that the angle formed with the circumferential direction by thereinforcing elements of the working crown layers is less than 30° andpreferably less than 25°.

According to another advantageous alternative form of embodiment of theinvention, the working crown layers comprise reinforcing elements thatare crossed from one ply to the other, making with the circumferentialdirection angles that vary according to the axial direction, the saidangles being greater on the axially outer edges of the layers ofreinforcing elements with respect to the angles of the said elementsmeasured at the circumferential mid-plane. Such an embodiment of theinvention makes it possible to increase the circumferential rigidity incertain zones while on the other hand reducing it in others, notably inorder to reduce the compression of the carcass reinforcement.

A preferred embodiment of the invention also has it that the crownreinforcement is supplemented radially on the outside by at least oneadditional ply, known as a protective ply, of so-called elasticreinforcing elements, oriented with respect to the circumferentialdirection at an angle comprised between 10° and 45° and of the samedirection as the angle formed by the inextensible elements of theworking ply radially adjacent to it.

The protective layer may have an axial width smaller than the axialwidth of the least wide working layer. The said protective layer mayalso have an axial width greater than the axial width of the least wideworking layer, such that it overlaps the edges of the least wide workinglayer and, when it is the radially uppermost layer that is the leastwide, such that it is coupled, in the axial continuation of theadditional reinforcement, with the widest working crown layer over anaxial width in order thereafter, axially on the exterior, to bedecoupled from the said widest working layer by profiles at least 2 mmthick. The protective layer formed of elastic reinforcing elements may,in the abovementioned case, on the one hand, possibly be decoupled fromthe edges of the said least wide working layer by profiles of athickness appreciably smaller than the thickness of the profiles thatseparate the edges of the two working layers and, on the other hand,have an axial width less than or greater than the axial width of thewidest crown layer.

According to any one of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention,the crown reinforcement may also be supplemented, radially on the insidebetween the carcass reinforcement and the radially inner working layerclosest to the said carcass reinforcement, by a bracing layer ofinextensible metal reinforcing elements made of steel that make an anglegreater than 60° with the circumferential direction in the samedirection as the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of theradially closest carcass reinforcement layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other details and advantageous features of the invention will emergehereinafter from the description of some exemplary embodiments of theinvention, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 which depict:

FIG. 1: a meridian view of a diagram of a tire according to oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2: a diagram illustrating curves of tensile force as a function ofelongation for different cables;

FIG. 3: a meridian view of a diagram of a tire according to a secondembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4: a meridian view of a diagram of a tire according to a thirdembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to make them easier to understand, the figures are not drawn toscale. The figures depict only half a view of a tire which continuessymmetrically with respect to the axis XX′ which represents thecircumferential mid-plane or equatorial plane of a tire.

In FIG. 1, the tire 1, of the size 315/60 R 22.5, has an aspect ratioHIS equal to 0.60, H being the height of the tire 1 on its mounting rimand S is the maximum axial width. The said tire 1 comprises a radialcarcass reinforcement 2 anchored in two beads, not depicted in thefigure. The carcass reinforcement is formed of a single layer of metalcords. This carcass reinforcement 2 is belted by a crown reinforcement4, formed radially from the inside outwards:

-   -   of a first working layer 41 formed of unbelted inextensible        11.35 metal cords which are continuous across the entire width        of the ply and directed at an angle equal to 18°,    -   of a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements 42 formed of        steel 21×28 metal cords, of “bi-modulus” type, made up of three        parts these being two axially exterior parts 421 and one central        part 422, of a second working layer 43 formed of unbelted        inextensible 11.35 metal cords which are continuous across the        entire width of the ply, directed at an angle of 26° and        crossing with the metal cords of the layer 41,    -   of a protective layer 44 formed of 18×23 elastic metal cords.

The crown reinforcement is itself capped by a tread 6.

The maximum axial width S of the tire is equal to 319 mm.

The axial width L₄₁ of the first working layer 41 is equal to 260 mm.

The axial width L₄₃ of the second working layer 43 is equal to 245 mm.The difference between the widths L₄₁ and L₄₃ is equal to 15 mm.

As for the overall axial width L₄₂ of the layer of circumferentialreinforcing elements 42, it is equal to 200 mm, each of the axiallyexterior parts 421 having an axial width L₄₂₁ equal to 50 mm andtherefore less than 45% of S.

The width of the central part L₄₂₂ is equal to 100 mm.

The final crown ply 44 known as the protective ply has a width L₄₄ equalto 180 mm.

The rubber compound with which the 21×28 steel metal cords of the layer42 are coated has a modulus equal to 10 MPa. The rubber compound is thesame in the central part 422 and in the axially exterior parts 421.

The degree of penetration of the reinforcing elements of the centralpart 422 is equal to 30%.

The degree of penetration of the reinforcing elements of the axiallyexterior parts 421 is equal to 95%.

FIG. 2 illustrates curves showing, on the ordinate axis, the tensileforce, expressed in Newtons, and, on the abscissa axis, the elongation,expressed in millimeters, for the 21×28 cord, of the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements 42 bare and coated with the variouscompounds.

Measurements for cords coated with compound were taken from cordsextracted from the tire and therefore after the tire had been cured, thecompounds therefore having penetrated the cords.

Curve 27 represents the curve of tensile force as a function ofelongation for the bare 21×28 cord. Curve 28 represents the curve oftensile force as a function of elongation for the 21×28 cord coated witha rubber compound and extracted from the central part 422 of the layerof circumferential reinforcing elements 42. Curve 29 represents thecurve of tensile force as a function of elongation for the 21×28 cordcoated with a rubber compound and extracted from one of the axiallyexterior parts 421 of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements42.

These curves show that the presence of the rubber compound coating themetal cord contributes to increasing the rigidity of the cord, on theone hand, the structural elongation of the cord being lower and, on theother hand, the maximum tangent modulus increasing. Further, thesecurves also show that the reduction in structural elongation and theincrease in maximum tangent modulus of a given cord increase with thedegree of penetration of the rubber compound with which the said cord iscoated.

In FIG. 3, the tire 1 differs from the one depicted in FIG. 1 in thatthe two working layers 41 and 43 are, on each side of the equatorialplane and axially in the continuation of the layer of circumferentialreinforcing elements 42, coupled over an axial width 1: the cords of thefirst working layer 41 and the cords of the second working layer 43,over the axial width 1 of coupling of the two layers, are radiallyseparated from one another by a layer of rubber, the thickness of whichis minimal and corresponds to twice the thickness of the rubbery layercalendered on to the unbelted 11.35 metal cords of which each workinglayer 41, 43 is formed, namely 0.8 mm. Over the remaining width commonto the two working layers, the two working layers 41, 43 are separatedby a rubber profile, not depicted in the figure, the thickness of thesaid profile increasing from the axial end of the coupling zone towardsthe end of the least wide working layer. The said profile advantageouslyis wide enough radially to overlap the end of the widest working layer41 which, in this case, is the working layer radially closest to thecarcass reinforcement.

In FIG. 4, the tire 1 differs from the one depicted in FIG. 1 in that itcomprises an additional layer of reinforcing elements 45, known asbracing elements, of a width substantially equal to that of the workinglayer 43. The reinforcing elements of this layer 45 make an angle ofabout 60° with the circumferential direction and are directed in thesame direction as the reinforcing elements of the working layer 41. Thislayer 45 notably contributes to reacting the transverse compressiveforces to which all of the reinforcing elements in the crown region ofthe tire are subjected.

Tests have been conducted on the tire produced according to theinvention in accordance with the depiction of FIG. 1 and comparedagainst a reference tire that was identical, but produced with aconventional configuration.

This reference tire comprised a layer of circumferential reinforcingelements consisting of one and the same cord coated with a rubbercompound the degree of penetration of which was the same along itsentire length.

First endurance tests were conducted by fitting identical vehicles witheach of the tires and having each of the vehicles drive a route in astraight line, the tires being subjected to loads in excess of thenominal load in order to accelerate this type of test.

The vehicles were associated with a load per tire of 4000 kg.

Other endurance tests were conducted on a test rig that imposed a loadand a side slip angle on the tires. The tests were conducted on thetires according to the invention with the same load and the same sideslip angle as those applied to the reference tires.

The tests thus conducted demonstrated that the distances covered in eachof these tests was substantially identical for the tires according tothe invention and for the reference tires. It would therefore appearthat the tires according to the invention have substantially equivalentperformance to the reference tires in terms of endurance.

Finally, other running tests were performed on ground unpaved withasphalt with reliefs to simulate the presence of stones particularlyharmful to tire treads.

These last tests demonstrated that after covering identical distances,the tires according to the invention displayed less severe damage thanthe reference tires the damage to which was considered so great as toprohibit further use of the reference tires.

The invention as has just been described particularly with reference tothe exemplary embodiments should not be considered to be restricted tothese examples. Although it remains within the field of application ofthe invention, the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements may forexample be made up of more than three parts, so that it exhibits agradual variation in the degree of penetration of the rubber compound inthe cord and therefore a gradual variation in the elastic moduli of thecircumferential reinforcing elements from the crown of the tires towardsthe axially exterior ends of the layer of circumferential reinforcingelements.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A tire with a radial carcass reinforcement,comprising: a crown reinforcement formed of at least two working crownlayers of inextensible reinforcing elements, crossed from one of saidworking crown layers to another of said working crown layers makingangles of between 10° and 45′ with the circumferential direction, saidcrown reinforcement being radially capped by a tread that is connectedto two beads via two sidewalls, said crown reinforcement furthercomprising at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elements,wherein said at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elementscomprises at least one central part between two axially exterior parts,wherein, via temperature control during vulcanization, the extent towhich the circumferential reinforcing elements of said at least onecentral part are penetrated by a rubber compound with which they arecoated is less than the extent to which the circumferential reinforcingelements of the axially exterior parts are penetrated by a rubbercompound with which they are coated, and wherein the circumferentialreinforcing elements in said at least one central part and said twoaxially exterior parts are formed from the same metal cord.
 2. The tireaccording to claim 1, wherein the extent to which the circumferentialreinforcing elements of the central part are penetrated by the rubbercompound with which they are coated is at least 30% less than the extentto which the circumferential reinforcing elements of the axiallyexterior parts are penetrated by the rubber compound with which they arecoated.
 3. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the extent to whichthe circumferential reinforcing elements of the axially exterior partsare penetrated by the rubber compound with which they are coated isgreater than 90%.
 4. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the extentto which the circumferential reinforcing elements of the central partare penetrated by the rubber compound with which they are coated is lessthan 60%.
 5. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the elastic modulusof the rubber compound with which the circumferential reinforcingelements of the central part are coated is less than the modulus of therubber compound with which the circumferential reinforcing elements ofthe axially exterior parts are coated.
 6. The tire according to claim 1,wherein an axial width of the central part of the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements is greater than 0.15×S and lessthan 0.5×S, wherein S is the maximum axial width of said tire when saidtire is mounted on a service rim and inflated to a recommended pressure.7. The tire according to claim 1, wherein an axial width of each of theaxially exterior parts of the layer of circumferential reinforcingelements is less than 0.45×S, wherein S is the maximum axial width ofsaid tire when said tire is mounted on a service rim and inflated to arecommended pressure.
 8. The tire according to claim 1, wherein thelayer of circumferential reinforcing elements is positioned radiallybetween two of the at least two working crown layers.
 9. The tireaccording to claim 1, wherein said at least two working crown layershave different axial widths, and wherein the difference between theaxial width of the axially widest working crown layer and the axialwidth of the axially narrowest working crown layer is between 10 and 30mm.
 10. The tire according to claim 9, wherein the axially widestworking crown layer is radially on the interior of the axially narrowestworking crown layers.
 11. The tire according to claim 1, wherein theaxial widths of the working crown layers radially adjacent to the layerof circumferential reinforcing elements are greater than the axial widthof the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements.
 12. The tireaccording to claim 11, wherein the working crown layers adjacent to thelayer of circumferential reinforcing elements are on each side of theequatorial plane and in an immediate axial continuation of the layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements coupled over an axial width inorder thereafter to be decoupled by profiles of rubber compound at leastover a remainder of a width common to the at least two working crownlayers.
 13. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcingelements of said at least one layer of circumferential reinforcingelements are metal reinforcing elements with a secant modulus at 0.7%elongation comprised between 10 and 120 GPa and a maximum tangentmodulus of less than 150 GPa.
 14. The tire according to claim 13,wherein the secant modulus of the reinforcing elements at 0.7%elongation is less than 100 GPa.
 15. The tire according to claim 13,wherein the maximum tangent modulus of the reinforcing elements is lessthan
 130. 16. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcingelements of said at least one layer of circumferential reinforcingelements are metal reinforcing elements having a curve of tensile stressas a function of relative elongation with shallow gradients for shortelongations and a substantially constant and steep gradient for higherelongations.
 17. The tire according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcingelements of said at least one layer of circumferential reinforcingelements are metal reinforcing elements that are cut in such a way as toform portions of a length shorter than a circumference of the shortestof the at least one layer, but greater than 0.1 times saidcircumference, the cuts between portions being axially offset from oneanother, the elastic modulus in tension per unit width of the at leastone layer of circumferential reinforcing elements being less than theelastic modulus in tension, measured under the same conditions, of themost extensible working crown layer.
 18. The tire according to claim 1,wherein the reinforcing elements of the at least one layer ofcircumferential reinforcing elements are wavy metal reinforcingelements, a ratio a/λ of the amplitude of a wave a to a wavelength λbeing at most equal to 0.09, the elastic modulus in tension per unitwidth of the at least one layer of circumferential reinforcing elementsbeing less than the elastic modulus in tension, measured under the sameconditions, of the most extensible working crown layer.
 19. The tireaccording to claim 1, wherein the angle formed with the circumferentialdirection by the reinforcing elements of the at least two working crownlayers is less than 30°.
 20. The tire according to claim 1, wherein theat least two working crown layers comprise reinforcing elements that arecrossed from one layer to the other, making with the circumferentialdirection angles that vary according to the axial direction.
 21. Thetire according to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement issupplemented radially on the outside by at least one additional ply,known as a protective ply, of elastic reinforcing elements, orientedwith respect to the circumferential direction at an angle comprisedbetween 10° and 45° and of the same direction as the angle formed by theinextensible reinforcing elements of a working crown layer from the atleast two working crown layers radially adjacent to it.
 22. The tireaccording to claim 1, wherein the crown reinforcement further comprisesa bracing layer formed of metal reinforcing elements that make anglesgreater than 60° with the circumferential direction.